Don Quijote von der mancha : una nueva traducción

El presente texto es la traducción de un fragmento del epílogo a la versión alemana del Quijote realizada por Susanne Lange y publicada por la editorial Carl Hanser en el 2008. La traducción mereció en el 2009 el premio Johann Heinrich-Voss, concedido por la Academia Alemana de la Lengua y la Poesía. En él se analiza el modo en que fue recibido el Quijote en diversos países europeos a partir de 1612, fecha de la traducción inglesa de Thomas Shelton, y, de modo especial, en Alemania. En ese país la primera traducción (incompleta) fue la publicada en 1648 por Joachim Caesar y se enmarcó dentro de un proyecto de renovación lingüística de la lengua alemana. A largo del siglo XVIII aparecieron diferentes versiones indirectas, incompletas o libres de la obra que, de modo, general, privilegiaron el tono burlesco de la novela, así como las imágenes del caballero loco y el rústico ingenuo. El siglo XIX descubrió en el Quijote una cristalización de la literatura popular (Volksdichtung) y reinterpretó la locura quijotesca en clave de idealismo romántico. El análisis de las diferentes traducciones permite sostener que constituyen un reflejo de la historia intelectual alemana. La segunda parte del artículo comenta algunos de los problemas planteados por la traducción de la obra, con especial hincapié en el papel del lenguaje como uno de sus aspectos esenciales.The present text is the translation of a fragment from the epilogue to the German version of the Quixote by Susanne Lange, published in 2008 by Carl Hanser. In 2009 the translation won the Johann Heinrich-Voss Prize, awarded by the German Academy of Language and Poetry. The text analyses the reception of the Quixote in various European countries after 1612, the date of Thomas Shelton’s English translation, and, more particularly, how the work was received in Germany. The first (incomplete) translation to appear in Germany was published in 1648 by Joachim Caesar, a version which formed part of a project to renew the German language. The 18th century saw various indirect, partial or free translations of the work which, in general, emphasised the burlesque tone of the novel, as well as the images of the mad knight and the simple peasant. Discovering in the Quixote a crystallisation of popular literature (Volksdichtung), the 19th century reinterpreted Don Quixote’s madness in the light of Romantic idealism. Analysis of the various translations permits them to be seen as a reflection of Germany’s intellectual history. The second part of the article comments on some of the problems posed by the translation of the work, with special emphasis on the role of language

Effect of growth factors on the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2- kinase/fructose-2,6-bisfosfatase in Rat-1 fibroblasts

The activation of glycolytic flux is a biochemical characteristic of growing cells. Several reports have demonstrated the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in this process. In this paper we show that the levels of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase (6PF2K/Fru-2,6-P2ase) mRNA are modulated in response to serum and growth factors and this effect is due to regulation of its transcription rate. The modulation of the expression of this enzyme by growth factors differs according their mitogenic effect; both lysophosphatidic acid and epidermal growth factor, when added alone, increased the mRNA levels, but endothelin had no effect. Furthermore, cAMP, which acts as an antimitogenic signal in Rat-1 fibroblasts, produced a decrease in 6PF2K/Fru-2, 6-P2ase mRNA and inhibited the effects of lysophosphatidic acid and epidermal growth factor on 6PF2K/Fru-2,6-P2ase expression. PD 098059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, was able to prevent the effect of EGF on 6PF2K/Fru-2, 6-P2ase gene expression. These results imply that activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for the stimulation of the transcription of 6PF2K/Fru-2,6-P2ase by EGF

chroGPS, a global chromatin positioning system for the functional analysis and visualization of the epigenome

Development of tools to jointly visualize the genome and the epigenome remains a challenge. chroGPS is a computational approach that addresses this question. chroGPS uses multidimensional scaling techniques to represent similarity between epigenetic factors, or between genetic elements on the basis of their epigenetic state, in 2D/3D reference maps. We emphasize biological interpretability, statistical robustness, integration of genetic and epigenetic data from heterogeneous sources, and computational feasibility. Although chroGPS is a general methodology to create reference maps and study the epigenetic state of any class of genetic element or genomic region, we focus on two specific kinds of maps: chroGPSfactors, which visualizes functional similarities between epigenetic factors, and chroGPSgenes, which describes the epigenetic state of genes and integrates gene expression and other functional data. We use data from the modENCODE project on the genomic distribution of a large collection of epigenetic factors in Drosophila, a model system extensively used to study genome organization and function. Our results show that the maps allow straightforward visualization of relationships between factors and elements, capturing relevant information about their functional properties that helps to interpret epigenetic information in a functional context and derive testable hypotheses

Should all patients with a culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection be treated with antibiotics?:A multicentre observational study

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of culture-negative periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) when adequate methods of culture are used, and to evaluate the outcome in patients who were treated with antibiotics for a culture-negative PJI compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld. Methods: A multicentre observational study was undertaken: 1,553 acute and 1,556 chronic PJIs, diagnosed between 2013 and 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Culture-negative PJIs were diagnosed according to the Muskuloskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), International Consensus Meeting (ICM), and European Bone and Joint Society (EBJIS) definitions. The primary outcome was recurrent infection, and the secondary outcome was removal of the prosthetic components for any indication, both during a follow -up period of two years. Results: None of the acute PJIs and 70 of the chronic PJIs (4.7%) were culture-negative; a total of 36 culture-negative PJIs (51%) were treated with antibiotics, particularly those with histological signs of infection. After two years of follow -up, no recurrent infections occurred in patients in whom antibiotics were withheld. The requirement for removal of the components for any indication during follow -up was not significantly different in those who received antibiotics compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld (7.1% vs 2.9%; p = 0.431). Conclusion: When adequate methods of culture are used, the incidence of culture-negative PJIs is low. In patients with culture-negative PJI, antibiotic treatment can probably be withheld if there are no histological signs of infection. In all other patients, diagnostic efforts should be made to identify the causative microorganism by means of serology or molecular techniques

Pathophysiological role of prostanoids in coagulation of the portal venous system in liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Prostanoids are important regulators of platelet aggregation and thrombotic arterial diseases. Their involvement in the development of portal vein thrombosis, frequent in decompensated liver cirrhosis, is still not investigated. METHODS: Therefore, we used pro-thrombotic venous milieu generation by bare metal stent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion, to study the role of prostanoids in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Here, 89 patients receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion were included in the study, and baseline levels of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 were measured in the portal and the hepatic vein. RESULTS: While the hepatic vein contained higher levels of thromboxane B2 than the portal vein, levels of prostaglandin E2 and D2 were higher in the portal vein (all P<0.0001). Baseline concentrations of thromboxane B2 in the portal vein were independently associated with an increase of portal hepatic venous pressure gradient during short term follow-up, as an indirect sign of thrombogenic potential (multivariable P = 0.004). Moreover, severity of liver disease was inversely correlated with portal as well as hepatic vein levels of prostaglandin D2 and E2 (all P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated portal venous thromboxane B2 concentrations are possibly associated with the extent of thrombogenic potential in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03584204

Coronary angiography enhancement for visualization

High quality visualization on X-ray angiograms is of great significance both for the diagnosis of vessel abnormalities and for coronary interventions. Algorithms for improving the visualization of detailed vascular structures without significantly increasing image noise are currently demanded in the market. A new algorithm called stick-guided lateral inhibition (SGLI) is presented for increasing the visibility of coronary vascular structures. A validation study was set up to compare the SGLI algorithm with the conventional unsharp masking (UM) algorithm on 20 still frames of coronary angiographic images. Ten experienced QCA analysts and nine cardiologists from various centers participated in the validation. Sample scoring value (SSV) and observer agreement value (OAV) were defined to evaluate the validation result, in terms of enhancing performance and observer agreement, respectively. The mean of SSV was concluded to be 77.1 ± 11.9%, indicating that the SGLI algorithm performed significantly better than the UM algorithm (P-value < 0.001). The mean of the OAV was concluded to be 70.3%, indicating that the average agreement with respect to a senior cardiologist was 70.3%. In conclusion, this validation study clearly demonstrates the superiority of the SGLI algorithm in the visualization of coronary arteries from X-ray angiograms

Taxonomic clarification in W-Mediterranean Androcymbium (Colchicaceae): A. wyssianum sunk in the synonymy of A.gramineum and A.europaeum restored

Capsule dehiscence has been used as a diagnostic character for W Mediterranean species of Androcymbium. Depending on the state of capsule maturity, the character, however, can be ambiguous in herbarium material. Based on morphological, phenological and cpDNA characters it is shown that misinterpretation of the capsule as indehiscent in the type material of A. gramineum has led to serious taxonomic confusion. The combined analyses produced evidence that A. gramineum of the population from the type locality at Essaouira, Morocco, is conspecific with A. wyssianum. A. gramineum is therefore the correct name for the species with dehiscent capsules, whereas the populations with indehiscent capsules at the Atlantic coast north of Essaouira and in SE Spain represent a second species, which is correctly named A. europaeu

Meta-Analysis of the Structural Equation Models' Parameters for the Estimation of Brain Connectivity with fMRI.

Structural Equation Models (SEM) is among of the most extensively applied statistical techniques in the study of human behavior in the fields of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuroscience. This paper reviews the application of SEM to estimate functional and effective connectivity models in work published since 2001. The articles analyzed were compiled from Journal Citation Reports, PsycInfo, Pubmed, and Scopus, after searching with the following keywords: fMRI, SEMs, and Connectivity. Results: A 100 papers were found, of which 25 were rejected due to a lack of sufficient data on basic aspects of the construction of SEM. The other 75 were included and contained a total of 160 models to analyze, since most papers included more than one model. The analysis of the explained variance (R2) of each model yields an effect of the type of design used, the type of population studied, the type of study, the existence of recursive effects in the model, and the number of paths defined in the model. Along with these comments, a series of recommendations are included for the use of SEM to estimate of functional and effective connectivity models

Evaluation of polygenic risk scores for breast and ovarian cancer risk prediction in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 94 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer (BC) risk and 18 associated with ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Several of these are also associated with risk of BC or OC for women who carry a pathogenic mutation in the high-risk BC and OC genes BRCA1 or BRCA2. The combined effects of these variants on BC or OC risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers have not yet been assessed while their clinical management could benefit from improved personalized risk estimates. Methods: We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRS) using BC and OC susceptibility SNPs identified through population-based GWAS: for BC (overall, estrogen receptor [ER]-positive, and ER-negative) and for OC. Using data from 15 252 female BRCA1 and 8211 BRCA2 carriers, the association of each PRS with BC or OC risk was evaluated using a weighted cohort approach, with time to diagnosis as the outcome and estimation of the hazard ratios (HRs) per standard deviation increase in the PRS. Results: The PRS for ER-negative BC displayed the strongest association with BC risk in BRCA1 carriers (HR = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23 to 1.31, P = 8.2 x 10(53)). In BRCA2 carriers, the strongest association with BC risk was seen for the overall BC PRS (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.28, P = 7.2 x 10(-20)). The OC PRS was strongly associated with OC risk for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. These translate to differences in absolute risks (more than 10% in each case) between the top and bottom deciles of the PRS distribution; for example, the OC risk was 6% by age 80 years for BRCA2 carriers at the 10th percentile of the OC PRS compared with 19% risk for those at the 90th percentile of PRS. Conclusions: BC and OC PRS are predictive of cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. Incorporation of the PRS into risk prediction models has promise to better inform decisions on cancer risk management

Modification of BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk by HMMR overexpression

Breast cancer risk for carriers of BRCA1 pathological variants is modified by genetic factors. Genetic variation in HMMR may contribute to this effect. However, the impact of risk modifiers on cancer biology remains undetermined and the biological basis of increased risk is poorly understood. Here, we depict an interplay of molecular, cellular, and tissue microenvironment alterations that increase BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk. Analysis of genome-wide association results suggests that diverse biological processes, including links to BRCA1-HMMR profiles, influence risk. HMMR overexpression in mouse mammary epithelium increases Brca1-mutant tumorigenesis by modulating the cancer cell phenotype and tumor microenvironment. Elevated HMMR activates AURKA and reduces ARPC2 localization in the mitotic cell cortex, which is correlated with micronucleation and activation of cGAS-STING and non-canonical NF-kappa B signaling. The initial tumorigenic events are genomic instability, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and tissue infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages. The findings reveal a biological foundation for increased risk of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. The effect of hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) expression in BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk remains unknown. Here, HMMR overexpression induces the activation of cGAS-STING and non-canonical NF-kappa B signalling, instigating an immune permissive environment for breast cancer development